Snowmobile steering ski

ABSTRACT

An improved snowmobile steering ski attachable to the steering spindles of a snowmobile and, generally, including a frame, which may be integrally molded as part of the ski, and having multiple protruding keels that emerge from the bottom running surface of the ski proximal the ski&#39;s front end and gradually increase in protrusion with respect to the bottom running surface to a point of maximum protrusion at a point on the ski runner near to the steering spindle of the snowmobile is disclosed. The keel then gradually decreases in protrusion from its maximum protrusion to merge back into the bottom surface proximal the rear end of the ski.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This is application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 09/481,192, filed Jan. 11, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,267,392, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/902,250, filed Jul. 29, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,012,728, issued Jan. 11, 2000, which is a continuation-in part of application Ser. No. 08/664,808, filed Jun. 17, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,700,020, issued Dec. 23, 1997, which was a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/106,344 filed Aug. 12, 1993, abandoned.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Field: This invention relates to snowmobile skis, and more particularly to steering skis or snowmobiles and similar vehicles.

State of the Art: Steering a snowmobile is typically accomplished by a pair of steering, skis pivotally attached to the front of the snowmobile. The steering skis glide over the surface of the snow and may be angularly turned from side-to-side in response to movement of a pair of handlebars grasped by a user. The snowmobile generally follows in the direction the skis are pointed.

Under most snow conditions, especially at high speeds, steering skis, when turned, have a tendency to slide sideways, i.e., “plow” forward over the surface of the snow rather than tracking as intended. The turning radius of the snowmobile thus becomes larger than anticipated, and may result in the user hitting something or losing control of the vehicle. If the sliding ski happens to suddenly “catch” in the snow, the momentum of the snowmobile can cause it to overturn and injure the rider. This situation is particularly hazardous under snowmobile racing circumstances where the snowmobiles are driven at high speed. If a racer does not make a turn as anticipated, or suddenly loses control of his snowmobile, he can cause a high-speed accident, resulting in injury to the racers.

Various methods have been employed to lend increased predictability and control to snowmobile steering skis. One of the more common methods is inclusion of a longitudinal keel along the underside or running surface of the ski. The keel bites into the surface of the snow and enhances steering characteristics, particularly at high speeds.

U.S. Design Patent Des. 366,014 to Lindquist et al. dated Jan. 9, 1996 illustrates a conventional snowmobile ski having a straight central keel. The top surface of the ski has a continuous head along each edge and a plurality of very small, (thin in width and short in depth) straight, longitudinal ribs along the running (bottom) surface of the ski. The nature of a design patent is to illustrate aesthetic (non-functional) features. Thus, the upper beads and lower ribs appear to be non-functional in nature. Further, this design patent was filed about two years after Priority application Ser. No. 08/106,344 filed Aug. 12, 1993, identified herein above as a parent application to the instant application. That parent application illustrates and describes snowmobile skis having functional, multiple curved keels. The cited design patent shows, functionally, only a straight center keel of conventional shape and purpose.

A keel for a snowmobile steering ski is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,632,126 to Shorrock. The keel disclosed in Shorrock has a straight running edge, and is adjustable to compensate for wear. U.S. Pat. No. 3,711,109 to Hofbauer discloses a snowmobile steering ski having a very short, curved keel resiliently attached to the ski runner. U.S. Pat. No. 3,643,978 to Westberg discloses a short curved flange which may be attached to the edge of a snowmobile ski, and which is intended to function similar to a keel.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,040,818 and 5,145,201 to Metheny illustrate snowmobile skies having a central keel with a planar lower-surface as a part of a ski which has a laterally arched lower running surface.

Although the above inventions represent alternatives to a snowmobile ski without a keel, they are subject to several problems. The weight of both the snowmobile and the user is distributed evenly over the flat running surface of the skis in Shorrock, which places a portion of the weight at the ends of the straight keel. This makes the skis difficult to turn and lessens its usefulness. The bite of the keel into the surface of the snow is also distributed over a large area instead of concentrated in the most efficient location directly beneath the steering spindles. The short keel in Hofbauer tends to provide a concentration of weight beneath the steering spindles, but the amount of bite is reduced in soft snow due its short length. Also, because it is hinged, it tends to retract on hard snow pack or on ice, when a keel is very important. The short flange in Westberg also tends to concentrate weight beneath the steering spindles, but since it mounts on the edge of the ski, it actually exacerbates the problem of the ski “catching” in the snow during a turn, causing a loss of control even at moderate speeds. (The phenomenon is similar to the effect of a downhill skier catching a downhill edge during a turn.) Also, such short keels do not provide steering stability during straight runs and show a reduced steering ability in soft snow.

The inventions disclosed in Shorrock, Hofbauer and Westberg bring to light what has heretofore been a dilemma with respect to the design of snowmobile steering skis. Increased positive steering brought about by a long keel comes at the expense of ease of steering. Accordingly, a short keel makes the skis easier to steer, but reduces the amount of positive control. There is a need for a snowmobile steering ski that provides improved controllability and positive turning without a concomitant increase in steering difficulty.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The snowmobile steering ski of the present application includes an elongated ski having at least a pair of protruding keels that emerge from the bottom running surface of the ski runner proximal the front end of the ski. At least one keel gradually increases in its depth of protrusion with respect to the bottom running surface of the ski to a maximum protrusion at a point on the ski bottom which is preferably close to the ski connector for connection to the steering spindles of the snowmobile. The keel may then gradually decrease in its protrusion depth to merge substantially back into the bottom running surface proximal the rear end of the ski.

Several significant advantages result from the design of the improved snowmobile steering ski. Positive steering is improved because the keel may be made to extend along substantially the entire length of the bottom running surface of the ski. Further, the maximum bite of the keel into the snow is in the most efficient position substantially directly beneath the steering spindles. The ski is easy to turn, however, because the keel design results in a lesser percentage of snowmobile and user weight being distributed at the ends of the keel.

In a preferred embodiment, both the ski and its protruding keels are curved through their mid-sections, with curves being slightly upward away from the snow surface and with the curvature of the keel having a similar or slightly smaller radius of curvature than that of the ski. A smaller radius of curvature of one or more of the keels causes the ends of the keel to merge substantially into the curved bottom running surface of the ski. However, a ski and keel curved to substantially the same radius of curvature also works well for the purposes of the invention.

In another embodiment, the ski is curved slightly upward through its mid section and the keel tapers in either direction from a point of maximum protrusion below the steering spindles attachment region of the ski into the bottom surface of the ski. In still another embodiment, the running surface of the ski is flat, i.e. a straight, substantially planar surface, and the keel is curved in a convex shape. In yet another embodiment, the ski runner is flat, i.e. substantially straight in a longitudinal direction, and the keel tapers substantially linearly in either direction from a point of maximum depth below the steering spindles to merge substantially with the bottom surface of the ski near the front and rear of the running surface of the ski.

Several additional advantages result from a steering ski having a slightly curved bottom running surface. The curved ski runner carries the largest percentage of snowmobile and user weight substantially directly under the steering spindles of the snowmobile rather than evenly distributed over the bottom surface of the ski. This produces more positive turning and permits the snowmobile to maneuver faster through a turn without losing steering stability during straight-away runs; The ends of the keel also carry a lesser percentage of weight which makes the ski easier to steer. Keel length, however, may remain long to provide increased positive steering and good tracking during straight runs. Keel penetration into the snow is thus concentrated where it is most effective, and reduced near the ends of the ski to provide easier steering. These advantages exist for a curved ski even if the ski has no keel, although typically a keelless curved ski would be fitted with a wear bar which substantially conformed to the curved running surface of the ski.

A further understanding of the improved snowmobile steering ski may be had from the following detailed description together with reference to the drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING

FIG. 1 is a side, elevational view of a longitudinally curved snowmobile ski and a trio of rocker-like keels.

FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the ski of FIG. 1 along section lines 2—2.

FIG. 3 is a perspective view of the ski bottom of the ski of FIGS. 1 and 2.

FIGS. 4, 5 and 6 show alternative cross-sectional configurations of a ski having three curved keels.

FIGS. 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11 show various cross-sectional configurations of skis having a pair of outrigger, rocker-shaped keels.

FIG. 12 illustrates a cross-sectional view similar to FIG. 2 wherein the penetration of the keels of the ski into various types of snow conditions is illustrated.

FIGS. 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18 illustrate in cross-sectional view a variety of multiple-keeled skis having at least one primary longitudinally curved keel.

FIG. 19 is a side elevational view of one embodiment of a snowmobile steering ski according to the present invention.

FIG. 20 is a plan view of the snowmobile steering ski illustrated in FIG. 19.

FIG. 21 is a side elevational view of another embodiment of a snowmobile steering ski according to the present invention wherein the bottom surface of the ski has a flat running surface and the protruding keel is arcuate.

FIG. 22 is a ski having a substantially flat running surface and a protruding keel having a lower edge defined by three substantially straight lines which give the lower edge a surface approximating a short radius curve.

FIG. 23 is an elevational view of a plastic ski having a curved lower running surface and a curved keel.

FIG. 24 is a cross-sectional view of the ski of FIG. 23 along section lines 24—24.

FIG. 25 is a plan view of the bottom surface of the ski of FIG. 23.

FIG. 26 is a lateral cross-sectional view of a ski having a deep V-shaped keel which is arcuate along the length of its lower edge.

FIG. 27 is a lateral cross-sectional view of a ski wherein the running surface is a deep V-shape surface wherein the lower edge of the “V” is curved along its length.

FIG. 28 is a lateral cross-sectional view of a ski having its running surface in a deep V-shape with a wear bar attachment wherein the lower edge of the deep “V” and the wear bar is curved along its length.

FIG. 29 is a lateral cross-sectional view of a ski with a substantially flat or planar running surface and a pair of elongated keels with convex shaped lower edges located-along each outer edge of the ski.

FIG. 30 is a lateral cross-sectional view of a ski substantially identical to the ski of. FIG. 29 except that the running surface is arched to provide an elongated running surface which is laterally concave in shape.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

A particular embodiment of the invention is illustrated in FIGS. 1, 2 and 3 wherein a snowmobile ski 10, preferably of a one-piece plastic construction, has three depending keels; a central keel 11 located along the central longitudinal axis of the bottom running surface and a pair of outrigger keels 12 and 13 located along each outward edge of the bottom running surface. One, two or all three keels may be independent structures which are attached to the ski by screws, bolts, rivets, glue or the like.

FIG. 1, an elevational, side view, illustrates a curved ski 14 having a generally rocker-shaped appearance. The ski has a tip segment 15 and an aft segment 16 and a central segment 17. The turned up tip segment 14 and the sharply bent aft segment 16 are curved to much shorter radii of curvature than the central segment 17.

On the top surface of the ski a pair of longitudinally oriented reinforcing ribs 18 and 19 strengthen at least the mid-portion and forward portion of the ski, which in FIG. 1 is most of the central segment 17 and tip segment 15 of the ski. A metal bracket 20 is affixed between the ribs (see FIG. 2) for attachment to a steering mechanism (steering spindles) of a snowmobile. The ribs 18 and 19 have a plurality of spaced fillets 21 laterally bracing the ribs to provide additional structural support.

The particular ski shown in FIG. 1, in a preferred embodiment provides a one piece structure, preferably of molded plastic, which is both strong and flexible while providing the unique advantages of a curved ski running surface and a curved, deep central keel with its excellent turning capabilities. A pair of outrigger keels provide stability and tracking capabilities.

The central keel 11 is generally curved to about the same or a shorter radius of curvature than the central segment 17 of the ski running surface. The central keel 11 runs substantially the whole length of the ski, merging into the running surface near the forward extremity of the tip 15 of the ski and into the aft bottom surface near its terminus. The keel as desired may also protrude from the entire undersurface of the ski tip 15 and aft segment 16.

The left outrigger keel 12 is shown in FIG. 1. The outrigger keels are generally more shallow in depth than the central keel and are curved, preferably, to a radius of curvature intermediate those of the running surface and the central keel. Thus, the radius of curvature for an outrigger keel preferably will be shorter than the radius of curvature for the ski running surface and longer than the radius of curvature of the central keel in this preferred construction. The outrigger keels may, without loss of functionality, be approximately the same curvature as the ski running surface and/or the central keel. The outrigger keels, particularly if they are of a shallow depth and especially if they are short in length, may have a substantially lower edge with only a slight loss of effectiveness when used in conjunction with a curved central keel.

The outrigger keels preferably form the outer, longitudinal edges of the ski, adding strength and twisting (torsional) resistance to the ski as well as functionally improving the tracking and turning capabilities of the ski, especially when such outrigger keels have curved lower edges.

The outrigger keels 12 and 13 also preferably run substantially the entire length of the ski, gradually merging with the ski's bottom surface at the tip and aft end of the ski. However, the outrigger keels may be slightly shorter or longer than the central, primary keel.

FIG. 2 illustrates the cross-sectional structure of this unique triple-keeled ski. This view along section lines 2—2 of FIG. 1 show a cross-section of keels near the mid-point of the length of the ski at their maximum depth. The center keel is shown with sloping sides 22 and 23 so that it is wider at its junction 24 with the ski running surface than it is its bottom surface 25. The cross-sectional shape of the central keel 11, or the outrigger keels 12, may, however, be any convenient shape. The central keel has a depth of about one inch to about two inches, preferably from about one inch to about 1½ inches below the ski running surface. The central keel preferably had a width of about one-half inch to about 1¾ inches at its junction with the ski running surface and a width of about ¼ inch to about one inch at its lower surface (snow penetrating surface) 25.

A typical ski has a width of about four to about seven inches. Each outrigger keel has a width of about one-half to about one inch, preferably from about ¾ to inch, at its junction with the ski running surface and a width of about one-fourth to about ⅞ inch at the lower surface 26 or 27. The depth of an outrigger keel is from about one-half to about one inch, preferably from about one-half to ¾ inch, below the ski running surface.

The width of the lower surface of each keel should be sufficient to accommodate and support a wear bar, which is usually a round rod. The lower surface of each keel may contain a slight longitudinal groove into which a wear bar may nest.

The spacing on either side of the central keel to the closest surface of an outrigger keel is preferably from about one to about two inches. This may be expressed as a ratio of available running surface width to ski width as follows:

Least ratio: Approximately 30%

Maximum ratio: Approximately 70%

The maximum ratio contemplates a maximum area of running surface, which would be generally preferred for loose, powder snow, provided that an appropriate width of ski is used. The minimum ratio provides the least running surface, which contemplates that the lower surface widths of the keels are greater with respect to the ski width, which may be a preferred construction for hard-pack, icy conditions. Since skis are not changed for changing conditions, an all-purpose ski is usually preferred, although in some regions of snowmobile country one extreme or the other may be most useful. For example, in the western United States and Canada, more powdery snow may be encountered while in the midwest and east, more icy conditions may have to be dealt with.

FIG. 3 is a perspective view of the ski bottom of the ski illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2.

FIGS. 4, 5 and 6 illustrate various cross-sectional configurations for a tri-keeled ski.

FIG. 4 is a lateral cross-sectional view of a tri-keeled ski wherein the central keel 28 has a generally longitudinal rocker-like shape similar to that illustrated in FIG. 1. The bottom running surface of the ski may be longitudinally flat or curved, as in FIG. 1. The running surface, in a lateral cross-section, has a very wide angled V-shape, similar to the wings of a plane, i.e. higher at its tips (outboard edge) than near the central keel. At each outboard edge of the ski is an outrigger keel which projects a short distance down from the running surface of the ski. Each outrigger ski is curved (convex) along its longitudinal length.

The ski illustrated by FIG. 4 is especially useful for steering systems which tilt the ski during turns (camber). The ski of FIG. 4, assuming that one is looking head on at the ski, tends to have the right running surface (surface to the right of the central keel) substantially flat upon the snow during a left turn of the ski. This may, in many instances, be advantageous. Also, the outrigger keel is affixed at approximate right angles to the adjacent running surface of the ski so that during a turn, the outrigger keel on the inside of the turn will be in substantially true vertical orientation with the snow and will present its maximum vertical surface area to the snow to provide maximum “bite.”

The design of the ski of FIG. 6 is similar to that of FIG. 4 except that the running surface is curved laterally and the outboard keels are oriented with their vertical axes substantially parallel to the vertical axis of the central keel. The running surface of the ski may be linear or curved in a longitudinal direction. All three illustrated keels are preferably curved. Each keel of the ski of FIG. 6 is shown equipped with a wear bar.

The ski of FIG. 5 has a cross-sectional shape in which outer edges of the ski running surface are lower than at the juncture of the running surface with the base of the central keel. This structure may be advantageous, especially with a ski having a longitudinally curved running surface, since the running surface, laterally drooping to outboard, also tends to dig into the snow during a turn to give a more aggressive bite during a turn. The outboard keels in FIG. 5 are convex as is the central keel. Thus, in a side view, the ski of FIG. 5 would resemble the ski of FIG. 1 with the running surface, central keel and outrigger keels each convexly curved along its length.

As with any tri-keel structure of the instant invention, the outrigger keels are preferably of approximately equal lengths which may be shorter or longer than the central keel. The outrigger keels preferably have identically curved lower surfaces which may be similar or different than the central keel or the running surface of the ski. If skis are made to be a pair, i.e. a right and left ski, then the outrigger keels of each ski may be different in length, depth and curvature. Typically, for a “right” or “left” ski that outrigger keel which would be along the inside edge of a ski would have a greater depth, greater degree of curvature, etc. to provide more “bite” during turns if the keels were to be different.

The central keel of a tri-keeled ski preferably has a curved lower surface (which may be approximated by a series of straight, i.e., linear or planar surfaces). The tri-keel configuration is useful for skis having a flat running surface, i.e., planar, or a curved running surface. A curved keel fitted to a curved running surface will have a curvature approximately the same as the running surface or a greater degree of curvature, i.e., a shorter radius of curvature.

The curved surface of a ski or keel may be a regular arc of a circle (or cylinder) or it may be a compound curve or even a “curve” approximated by a series of joined planar or straight (linear) surfaces, e.g., three or more straight line surfaces although two long straight surfaces which meet to form an obtuse (e.g. 150°-170°) included angle may work satisfactorily. However, since keel lower surfaces are generally fitted with wear bars it is generally preferred to avoid “bend” of even “wide” angles since wear will tend to occur there to a greater extent than on other portions of the wear bar. Thus, a relatively smoothly “curved” lower surface for a keel is preferred.

The structure of a curved keel in this invention is such that its greatest depth is preferably near to the point where the ski connects to the steering mechanism of a snowmobile.

The keels described herein generally have a length which is from about 75% to 100% of the running surface of a ski, and, in many structures, the keel may protrude from beneath the tip and turned up aft end of a ski, so that it runs essentially the whole length of the ski.

The outrigger keels generally have a curvature which ranges from linear, i.e., a flat, straight, lower surface useful-with-flat skis to a curved lower surface, especially at a curvature essentially equivalent to the ski or the central keel. Generally, the depth of an outrigger keel is less than that of the central keel except when an outrigger keel is the primary keel.

As illustrated in FIGS. 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11 a ski having only a pair of keels (outrigger or in-rigger) which may be especially useful in loose, powdery snow.

Although the skis illustrated and described hereinabove have a central longitudinal keel, a double-keel arrangement without a central keel may also be constructed to employ the structure of the instant invention.

A double-keel ski having a substantially flat running surface and a straight lower-edged keel and having the cross-sectional shape similar to that shown in lateral cross section in FIGS. 7 and 8 have been developed by inventor, although without being put into commercial use. Skis with dual rocker-like keels of the type described herein as outrigger keels existing on both the inner and outer sides of the steering ski, as shown in FIGS. 7 and 8, do not experience control problems associated with a ski having only a single short, deep outboard keel; a structure suggested in some prior patents.

The cross-sectional view of FIGS. 9, 10 and 11 are of various dual keeled skis wherein the running surface may have a slot-like recess (FIG. 9), a longitudinal ridge (FIG. 10) or outrigger keels placed inward of the outboard edge of a ski (FIG. 11).

The structure of the running surface of the ski of FIG. 9 is similar to that of an alpine ski with a longitudinal groove which may help in tracking during straight running. The function of the longitudinal ridge on the lower running surface (FIG. 10) is similar to the groove of FIG. 9.

The structure of the ski of FIG. 11 is such that the keels are placed inboard of the ski's outer edges.

Although skis having substantially flat (straight) running surfaces and dual straight keel edges along their length may be useful, a double-keel or triple-keel configuration wherein the keels are curved in a convex manner, as explained above with regard to skis having a central keel, are preferred and provide excellent turning characteristics, especially when used with a ski which is curved along its central longitudinal axis.

Skis employing curved double keels, as illustrated in FIGS. 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11, may have flat or curved bottom running surfaces and may be made of metal, plastic or other strong, smooth material. Also, the keels may be an integral part of the ski or they may be attachable or replaceable. The composition (material of construction) of the keels, especially shallow, outrigger keels may be different than that of the ski. For example, one shallow metal keels may be attached in a replaceable manner to plastic skis.

A ski of the instant invention is preferably laterally symmetrical about a vertical plane passing through the ski perpendicularly to its longitudinal axis. It preferably has a keel which is a continuous uninterrupted structure from near its front to near its rear end.

Snowmobile steering skis having keels with a lower curved surface along their length are particularly useful for providing excellent steering control in virtually all snow conditions from deep powder to ice. The curved keel works especially well on skis which have a curved bottom running surface.

The new triple-keeled ski is designed with a central keel that is the dominant steering influence in all ice and snow conditions, and is the only steering control on icy surfaces, since neither of the outer keels make contact on very hard surfaces. But, as surface conditions turn from ice to hard-packed snow, the center keel penetrates the surface deeper and the two outer keels begin to touch the snow and share some of the weight thereby limiting the depth of center keel penetration to prevent an overly aggressive bite. An extremely radical keel depth would normally be dangerously aggressive in firm, hard-packed snow, commonly experienced on frequently used and groomed snowmobiles trails, without the penetration limiting effect of the two outer keels. When the ski is pointed straight ahead, both outer keels are, on the average, level with the snow surface, so both will share the weight of the snowmobile equally. As the ski is steered left or right, the ski surface begins to tilt, due to the camber effect of the snowmobile steering geometry. This action will cause the outer keel nearest the outside radius of the turn to rise transferring more weight to the center keel and the opposite outer keel closest to the inside radius of the turn, thereby utilizing this keel to steer the snowmobile more positively. This situation improves the turning ability of the snowmobile without being dangerously over aggressive. So, in spite of the radical appearance of the center keel, a triple keel ski, even one with a relatively deep center keel is designed to govern its own turning aggressiveness by bringing the outer keels into play as the snow conditions dictate.

Deep snow steering of a tri-keel ski has proven superior to any other ski tested, because of the three keel structure. This advantage is noticed whenever the snow exceeds about three inches in depth, and progressively more apparent as snow depth or penetratability increases. In deep snow conditions, all three keels are functional steering aid at all times. The tri-keel structure improves straight line-tracking as well as turning capabilities in deep snow.

It is important to note that, the superior turning and tracking abilities of this ski and its aggressive design could only be used comfortably and safely when combined with the patented curved or rocker-shape of the keels as described in pending parent. U.S. application Ser. No. 08/664,808 filed Jun. 17, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,700,020, the description therein being incorporated herein by reference.

Tri-keeled skis of an aggressive design are most effective and tractable upon incorporation of the curved or rocker-shape of the keels. Any other keel structure compromises, to some extent, the steering ease and safety of the snowmobile during turns.

FIG. 12 illustrates the manner in which a preferred tri-keel ski of the instant invention interacts with varying snow conditions. On very hard packed snow or ice, generally on the central (or dominant keel if the central keel is not the dominant keel) will contact the surface. Generally, under such snow conditions only the wear bar and a portion of the dominant keel will penetrate the surface. This is shown in FIG. 12 as condition “A.”

On average hard packed or groomed trails, the central keel and the outrigger keels will be in contact with the surface. The deepest keel, shown here as the central keel, will penetrate the surface to a depth that the outrigger keels have made some penetration which typically includes complete penetration by their wear bars and some penetration by the outrigger keel structures (shown as Condition “B”).

In soft snow having a depth of three inches or more, all three keels will be substantially totally immersed in the snow and the running surface of the ski between the keels will be in contact with the snow and supporting a substantial portion of the forward weight of the snowmobile. In deep, soft snow, the whole ski may sink into the snow until the compaction provided by the ski has “densified” the snow to the point where the condition illustrated as condition “C” exists.

Because most snowmobiles occasionally encounter icy surfaces, it is generally preferred that the dominant keel be the central keel so that uneven stresses on the ski and steering mechanism are not encountered. However, if a keel that is not on the longitudinal centerline of the ski is the dominant keel, then the ski and steering mechanism can be strengthened and reinforced to compensate for such uneven stresses that may occasionally be encountered.

The dominant or primary keel in a dual keel or triple keel structure is deeper than the other keels and is a curved keel. While it is preferred that a multiple keel ski have all keels curved, a ski with a dominant curved keel, which is typically the central keel, may employ subsidiary keels which are very marginally curved or even straight over their entire length when the purpose of such subsidiary keels is to assist primarily the straight line tracking ability of the ski.

Virtually all snowmobiles are designed so that the steering shafts connecting to the front skis are at a forward angle rather than in a vertical orientation. Thus, when the snowmobile steering handle bars are turned, the angle of the steering shafts cause the skis to tilt laterally so that in a left turn, for example, the inside edge of the right ski and the outboard edge of the left ski will be lower than the opposite edge of each ski. The sharper the turn made by the snowmobile, the greater is the degree of tilt of the skis.

The multiple keeled skis of this invention may be structured to maximize the “biting effect” of one or more of the multiple keels.

FIGS. 13-18 illustrate in cross section various alternative structures which employ features of the instant invention, namely, at least one primary (dominant), rocker-shaped keel in conjunction with secondary keels to provide a ski with good, straight tracking ability and excellent turning characteristics in all types of snow depths and conditions. The ski running surface of such skis may be flat or rocker-shaped, with the latter being preferred.

In each embodiment illustrated here secondary keels, which are sufficiently large dimensionally (depth, width and length), function for tracking and turning purposes. All keels illustrated, except the secondary keels in FIG. 17, have sufficient lower (snow-contacting) surface area to accommodate a wear bar. The secondary keel of FIG. 17 are used in conjunction with a dominant central keel, which carries a wear bar, and wherein this ski may be particularly useful in powdery or soft packed snow conditions.

The skis illustrated in FIGS. 13, 14 and 16 are ones in which the lower running surface of the skis are made up of the sloping sidewalls of the skis. FIG. 15 is a ski similar to the ski of FIG. 1 except that the ski of FIG. 15 has five keels, each accommodating a wear bar on its lower snow-contacting surface. The ski of FIG. 18 is one in which the outrigger keels are the dominant keels which the central keel may be straight or curved and function principally to enhance the straight tracking of the ski. Each outrigger keel in FIG. 13 is curved and identical, preferably, to the other outrigger keel.

Referring to FIGS. 19 and 20, a snowmobile steering ski 110 according to the present invention includes an elongated ski runner 112 having a top surface 114, and a bottom running surface 116 structured for gliding over a surface of snow. An upturned front end (ski tip) 120 of the ski runner 112 is intended as a leading tip in the direction of intended ski travel to lift the ski and reduce the tendency of the ski to plow into the surface of snow. A rear end (tail of the ski) 122 distal from the upturned front end is intended as a trailing end of the ski runner in the direction of intended travel.

The snowmobile steering ski 110 includes a frame 126 fixedly attached to the top surface 114 of the ski runner 112. Frame 126 provides structural support to the ski, and includes attachment means 128 for pivotal attachment of the frame to the steering mechanism of a snowmobile. Frame 126 may also include a grab handle 130 structured for grasping by a user when loading or otherwise moving the snowmobile. The frame may be a rigid or flexible structure. The illustrated frame, constructed of light weight tubular members, e.g., of aluminum or steel, is very desirable because of its light weight yet strong structure.

The ski runner 112 includes a protruding keel 134 that extends longitudinally along the bottom running surface 116 of the ski runner. The protruding keel 134 emerges from bottom surface 116 proximal upturned front end 120 at an emergence point generally indicated by reference numeral 136. Emergence point 136 is preferably at the lower portion of upturned front end 120 where the arc of the upturn begins to flatten out into the running surface of the ski runner. Upon emerging from the bottom running surface 116, the projection of protruding keel 134 gradually increases with respect to bottom surface 116 to a point of maximum protrusion indicated generally by reference numeral 138. The point of maximum protrusion 138 is preferably at or near the portion of the ski runner beneath attachment means 128. The depth of protruding keel 134 then gradually decreases from the point of maximum protrusion 138 and merges into bottom running surface 116 at a mergence point generally indicated by reference numeral 140 proximal the rear end 122 of ski runner 112.

In a preferred embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 19 and 20, ski runner 112 has a subtle upward curve along its length, and protruding keel 134 has a similar upward curve but with a slightly smaller radius than the curve in the ski runner. The bottom surfaces of the ski and keel are convex. Preferably, the curved ski runner 112 and curved keel 134 contacts the snow surface with the mast force (weight) directly below the steering spindles of the snowmobile. The ends of the ski runner and keel thus curve upward away from the snow surface. This arrangement causes a greater percentage of forward weight of the snowmobile and user to be carried directly below the steering spindles where positive turning efficiency is enhanced. The ends of the ski runner and keel bear a lesser percentage of weight which results in easier steering characteristics, but because of the ski length and keel length steering stability is excellent as is straight-ahead tracking.

In another alternate embodiment illustrated in FIG. 21, ski runner 112 has a flat, substantially straight (planar) running surface between upturned front end 120 and rear end 122, and protruding keel 134 has a subtle upward curve. This arrangement provides reduced weight at the ends of the keel and maximum keel penetration below the steering spindles, but does not concentrate the snowmobile and user's weight below the steering spindles. Rather, the forward weight of the machine is distributed over the flat (planar) running surface, i.e. bottom surface, of the ski.

In still another embodiment, illustrated in FIG. 22, ski runner 112 has a flat, straight running surface between upturned front end 120 and rear end 122, and protruding keel 134 has a straight bottom edge in its middle and is tapered at each end to merge into the bottom surface of the ski near each end of the ski. The keel of FIG. 22, although comprising portions having straight lower edges, has a lower surface which approximates a curve or arc. The embodiment illustrated in FIG. 22 functions similar to the, embodiment in FIG. 21 insofar as weight distribution and keel penetration. The keel is composed of three portions, a front portion which tapers from a zero protrusion to a maximum protrusion where it joins the central portion of the keel.

The lower edge of the front portion of the keel illustrated in FIG. 22 is substantially straight, as in the lower edge of the central portion. The central portion has about the same depth of protrusion along its length. The rear portion of the keel tapers from its juncture with the central keel portion to a zero protrusion at its rear and where it merges with the running surface of the ski. These three portions are substantially the same length although the central portion may be smaller than the other two portions.

In operation, the snowmobile steering ski 110 is fastened to the steering mechanism of a snowmobile using attachment means 128. Typically, the mounting arrangement allows the skis to pivot back and forth in a parallel manner and to rock up and down to enable the skis to maneuver over irregularities in the snow surface. The upturned front end 120 is the leading end in the direction of travel and the upturned portion encourages the ski to glide over the snow surface rather than plowing into it.

When the ski engages the snow surface, the keel penetrates through the surface while the bottom running surface of the ski runner glides over the surface of the snow. In response to the handlebars attached to the steering mechanism being turned, both steering skis turn in the same direction as the handlebars. The keel moving below the surface provides a lateral surface which bites into the snow to provide increased positive steering over the mere frictional contact between the ski runner and the snow surface. Maximum penetration of the keel at a point on the ski runner directly below the steering spindles permits the ski to turn efficiently with minimal sliding, while the reduced protrusion of the keel at the ends permits the ski to turn easily.

In a preferred embodiment of the instant invention, the length of the keel is from about 20 to about 30 inches with an effective radius of curvature of from about 60 to about 100 inches. By effective curvature of radius, it is intended to include, keels wherein the keel shape approximates a curved surface with that assigned radius of curvature, such as a surface formed by a series of three connected straight lines, as described hereinabove with respect to FIG. 22, or a compound curved keel wherein the curved surface is described by two or more radii or a curve described by radii with different focal points or a curvilinear surface.

The ski itself, as indicated hereinabove, is preferably curved, having a radius of curvature of about 150 to about 190 inches over that section of the ski from behind the top through the trailing end. Such a ski preferably has a total length of about 18 to about 45 inches, with a length of about 24 to 40 inches being preferred.

In a particularly advantageous embodiment of the invention, both the ski arid the keel are curved with the ski having a radius of curvature which is slightly greater than that of the keel.

Although the ski may be made of metal, reinforced plastic may be used, wherein the fibers are fiberglass or graphite fibers, or other fibers. A particularly preferred material is an injectable or formable thermoplastic resin such as high density polyethylene or the like, which may or may not be fiber reinforced.

A preferred plastic ski has the keel molded as an integral part of the ski. Such a ski is illustrated in FIG. 23, an elevational view (profile), the ski running surface having a length (L′) of about 30 inches and a radius of curvature (r′) of about 172 inches. The keel has a length (L″) of about 30 inches and a radius of curvature (r′) of about 95 inches. The overall length (L) of the ski, including tip is about 38 to 40 inches. A bottom view is illustrated in FIG. 25, wherein the keel is a molded U-shaped element having a length of about 24 inches and a radius of curvature of about 90 inches. The ski has a width of about five inches at its mid-section with the keel having a width and a maximum depth of about one inch and about one inch, respectively. A cross-sectional view of the ski near its mid-section is illustrated in FIG. 24 wherein the generally U-shaped keel 134 is illustrated. The keel, if desired, may extend into the top of the ski.

The width of a typical ski is from about four to about six inches, especially skis which have lateral running surfaces. The ski of the instant invention has many advantages. It has excellent lift in deep snow and the curved keel provides excellent steering control, both during turning and when running straight at high speeds.

The U-shaped keel may be fitted with a wear strip of a hard metal. The unprotected plastic ski, however, including the keel, has excellent abrasion and wear resistance.

A particular advantage of the high density polyethylene material, besides its abrasion and wear resistance is its low friction surface. The curved configuration of the ski along its length is particularly effective for a plastic ski.

The ski, as well as the keel, may have a “curvature” which is approximated by straight lines as a profile of the “running surface” of the ski, i.e. that portion of the ski between the curved tip (front end) and tail, which may also be curved upwardly. The running surface may include the trailing end (tail) wherein the curvature of the tail is the same or about the same as the curvature of the ski.

Generally, the maximum protrusion of the keel is from about one-half to about two and one-half inches below the running surface of the ski, however, a preferred depth for recreation snowmobiles generally is less than one and one-half inches. The width of the keel may be any convenient width consistent with providing the keel with good strength for the particular material involved and the manner in which the keel is formed. The width of keel is to provide turning aggressiveness, i.e. a narrower keel will grip more effectively. A wider keel is more forgiving during steering and requires a lower level of expertise. Extending the keel into the ski top may improve the structural strength of a plastic ski.

Thickness of a ski is determined by desired wearability and weight. Many plastic and metal skis have the keel molded or formed as an integral part of the ski, as illustrated in FIGS. 23, 24 and 25. The thickness, in such an instance, is consistent with the formability of the material. Preferred thickness is about one-quarter inch although thicker skis may be made.

The ski of the instant invention has many advantages. It has excellent lift in deep snow and the curved keel provides excellent steering control, both during turning and when running straight at high speeds.

FIGS. 26, 27 and 28 are cross-sectional views similar to FIG. 24 showing other embodiments of the invention in which the keel is shaped to approximate a curve along its lower surface.

The ski illustrated in FIG. 26 in a side elevational view could be substantially the same ski as shown in FIG. 20, FIG. 22 or FIG. 23. The keel 134 illustrated in FIG. 26 or 27, in cross-section, is a solid, V-shaped keel which has lateral running surfaces on either side of the keel. The keel, in contrast to the keel illustrated in FIG. 24, has a sharp edge along its lower surface, thus being particularly suitable for an icy or hard packed surface. The running (bottom) surface of the ski of FIG. 26 may be straight (flat) along its length, although it is preferably curved to some extent. The keel, however, is curved along its length with the greatest protrusion of the keel from the running surface of the ski being about the mid-point of the running surface. The keel of FIG. 26 is formed by the convergence of the V-shape running surfaces while the keel of FIG. 27 protrudes slightly from said convergence of surfaces.

The ski illustrated in FIG. 27 has a keel/running surface which is combined in a deep U-shape when viewed in a lateral cross-section. The ski illustrated in FIG. 28 is substantially identical to the ski shown in. FIG. 27, except that a wear bar 142 constructed of titanium carbide or other very hard, wear-resistant metal is attached, preferably in a replaceable manner, along the lower edge of the keel.

The skis of FIGS. 27 and 28 have a lower keel surface or edge which is curved along its length. The running surface of the skis on either side of the keel may be located at an included angle (.alpha.) with respect to one another from less than about 180° to about 60° with an included angle of about 120° to 75° being preferred for icy conditions, especially on racing machines.

A ski having the cross-sectional configuration of the ski of FIG. 28 with a straight keel lower edge has been previously developed and is in current use on racing snowmobiles. The generally V-shape of the skis prevents edges from catching in high speed turns and helps the skis to bite into hard pack snow. The improvement of this invention to such skis is to improve steering performance by constructing skis having a cross-sectional configuration like FIG. 28 with a curved lower edge along its length, preferably a ski having radii of curvature as that set forth hereinabove.

The lower edges of the skis of FIGS. 26, 27, and 28 are convex in shape giving the keel the appearance of a rocking chair runner.

The V-shaped skis illustrated herein are generally narrower than the ski described herein above having a lateral cross-section which is relatively straight across, i.e., lateral running surfaces located in substantially the same plane. The V-shaped skis are generally used for racing machines and have a narrower width, for example, the width is from about two to three inches.

The novel shaped skis of the instant invention have a lower curved, convex edge about one-half to about one inch below the lowest running surface of the ski. Deeper keels, however, may be used, for example, keels up to two inches or more may be useful especially for racing machines. The width of the keel may be any convenient width consistent with providing the keel with good strength for the particular material involved and the manner in which the keel is formed. Many plastic and metal skis have the keel molded or formed as an integral part of the ski, as illustrated in FIG. 24. The width, in such an instance, is consistent with the formability of the material. A plastic material having a thickness of about one-fourth inch may have a keel width of from about three-fourths to about one inch or more.

Although the skis illustrated and described hereinabove have a central longitudinal keel, a double-keel arrangement may also be constructed to employ the structure of the instant invention.

Double-keel skis which have substantially flat running surfaces and a straight lower-edged keel and having the shape shown in lateral cross-section in FIGS. 29 and 30 have been developed by inventor, although without being put into commercial use. Since the keels exist on both the inner and outer sides of the steering ski, the control problems associated with a ski having only a short, deep outboard keel are generally avoided.

Although skis having substantially flat (straight) running surfaces and keel edges along their length are useful, a double-keel configuration wherein the keels are curved in a convex manner, as explained above with regard to skis having a single, central keel, are preferred.

Skis employing curved double keels may have flat or curved bottom running surfaces and may be made of metal, plastic or other strong, smooth material.

A ski of the instant invention is preferably laterally symmetrical about a vertical plane passing through its longitudinal axis. It preferably has a keel which is a continuous structure from its front to, rear end. The keel is also preferably laterally symmetrical about a vertical plane passing through its central longitudinal axis.

Snowmobile steering skis having keels with a lower curved surface along their length are particularly useful for providing excellent steering control in virtually all snow conditions from deep powder to ice. The curved keel works especially well on skis which have a curved bottom running surface.

Although the invention has been described and illustrated herein with a certain degree of particularity of structure, this has been for purposes of illustration of the principles of the invention, and is not intended to limit the invention in any way. It should be understood that various changes and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the following claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. An improved snowmobile ski for attachment to the steering mechanism of a snowmobile, comprising: an elongated member having a front tip and an aft end; an undersurface on an underside of the elongated member; an upper surface of the elongated member having a portion attachable to the steering mechanism of a snowmobile; a keel molded as a part of the member and protruding from the undersurface of the member, the keel having a generally curved shape along its lower edge with its maximum protrusion proximate that portion of the elongated member structured to be attached to the steering mechanism of the snowmobile, the keel protrusion diminishing in both fore and aft directions from the keel maximum protrusion to a substantially zero protrusion at its fore and aft ends; and an elongated wear bar attached along the lower edge of the keel.
 2. The snowmobile ski of claim 1, wherein the keel is generally rocker-shaped.
 3. The snowmobile ski of claim 1, wherein the keel protrusion diminishes gradually from either side of the maximum protrusion to the zero protrusion at its fore and aft ends.
 4. The snowmobile ski of claim 1, wherein the keel diminishes continuously from the maximum protrusion.
 5. The snowmobile ski of claim 1, wherein the wear bar conforms to the lower edge of the keel.
 6. The snowmobile ski of claim 1, wherein the elongated member has an upturned front portion.
 7. The snowmobile ski of claim 6, wherein the undersurface is generally flat along its length rearward of the upturned front portion.
 8. The snowmobile ski of claim 7, wherein the undersurface is generally curved along its length rearward of the upturned front portion.
 9. The snowmobile ski of claim 8, wherein the undersurface rearward of the upturned front portion has a first radius of curvature, the rocker shaped keel having a second radius of curvature smaller than the first radius of curvature.
 10. The snowmobile ski of claim 9, wherein the second radius of curvature is about 150 to 190 inches.
 11. The snowmobile ski of claim 1, wherein the keel at its maximum protrusion has a depth that is at least one inch below the undersurface.
 12. A snowmobile steering ski assembly for attachment to a steering mechanism of a snowmobile, comprising: an elongated member having a turned-up front tip and an aft end; an undersurface on an underside of the elongated member; an upper surface of the elongated member having a portion attachable to the steering mechanism of a snowmobile; a rocker shaped keel molded as a part of the elongated member and traversing longitudinally along the undersurface, the keel protruding from the undersurface with its maximum protrusion proximate that portion of the elongated member attachable to the steering mechanism of the snowmobile, the keel protrusion diminishing to a generally zero protrusion at its fore and aft ends giving the keel a general rocker shape; and an elongated wear bar attached along the lower edge of the keel.
 13. The snowmobile steering ski assembly of claim 12, wherein the wear bar conforms to the lower edge of the keel.
 14. The snowmobile steering ski assembly of claim 12, wherein the elongated member has an upturned front portion.
 15. The snowmobile steering ski assembly of claim 14, wherein the undersurface is generally flat along its length rearward of the upturned front portion.
 16. The snowmobile steering ski assembly of claim 14, wherein the undersurface is generally curved along its length rearward of the upturned front portion.
 17. The snowmobile steering ski assembly of claim 16, wherein the undersurface rearward of the upturned front portion has a first radius of curvature, the rocker shaped keel having a second radius of curvature smaller than the first radius of curvature.
 18. The snowmobile steering ski assembly of claim 17, wherein the first radius of curvature is about 150 to 190 inches.
 19. The snowmobile steering ski assembly of claim 12, wherein the undersurface is rocker shaped.
 20. The snowmobile steering ski assembly of claim 12, wherein the keel has a width of at least about one inch.
 21. The snowmobile steering ski assembly of claim 12, wherein the keel at its maximum protrusion has a depth which is at least one half inch below the undersurface.
 22. The snowmobile steering ski assembly of claim 12, wherein the keel at its maximum protrusion has a depth that is at least one inch below the undersurface.
 23. The snowmobile steering ski assembly of claim 12, wherein the keel diminishes continuously from the maximum protrusion.
 24. A snowmobile steering ski for attachment to a steering mechanism of a snowmobile, comprising: an elongated member having an upturned front portion and an aft end; an undersurface on an underside of the elongated member, the undersurface being generally curved along its length rearward of the upturned front portion; an upper surface of the elongated member having a portion adapted to be attached to the steering mechanism of a snowmobile; a rocker shaped keel molded as a part of the elongated member and traversing longitudinally along the undersurface, the keel protruding from the undersurface to a maximum protrusion, the keel protrusion diminishing to a generally zero protrusion at its fore and aft ends giving the keel a general rocker shape; and an elongated wear bar attached along the lower edge of the keel.
 25. The snowmobile steering ski of claim 24, wherein the undersurface rearward of the upturned front portion has a first radius of curvature, the rocker shaped keel having a second radius of curvature smaller than the first radius of curvature.
 26. The snowmobile steering ski of claim 24, wherein the maximum protrusion of the keel is proximate that portion of the elongated member attachable to the steering mechanism of the snowmobile.
 27. The snowmobile steering ski of claim 24, wherein the keel protrusion diminishes gradually from either side of the maximum protrusion to the zero protrusion at its fore and aft ends.
 28. The snowmobile steering ski of claim 24, wherein the keel diminishes continuously from the maximum protrusion.
 29. A snowmobile steering ski, comprising: an elongated member having a front tip and an aft end; an undersurface on a bottom of the elongated member; an upper surface of the elongated member having a portion adapted to be attached to the steering mechanism of a snowmobile; a pair of rocker shaped keels molded as part of the elongated member and protruding from the undersurface, each keel having a maximum protrusion proximate that portion of the elongated member attachable to the steering mechanism, each keel traversing longitudinally along the undersurface of the member, each keel protrusion diminishing to a generally zero protrusion at fore and aft ends of the keel, the keels being outrigger keels located near longitudinal edges of the elongated member; and elongated wear bars running along a lower edge of each keel.
 30. The snowmobile steering ski of claim 29, wherein each keel has a generally curved shape along its lower edge.
 31. The snowmobile steering ski of claim 29, wherein the keels are the same size and shape.
 32. The snowmobile steering ski of claim 29, wherein the wear bars conform to the lower edge of the respective keel.
 33. The snowmobile steering ski of claim 29, wherein each keel diminishes continuously from its maximum protrusion. 